As temperatures fluctuate in late fall and winter, freeze-thaw cycles cause the soil to expand (heave) and contract. This can force plants, roots, and even landscaping features upward. If left unchecked, this natural phenomenon can pose a challenge for homeowners. This can lead to damaged plants, uneven surfaces and a host of frustrations come spring. But with a little preparation and care, there are steps you can take to protect yourself and your property from the effects of frost heave.

What causes frost heave?

To understand how to combat frost heave, it helps to know its causes. In cold climates, when water in the ground freezes, it expands. In poorly drained areas or areas with compacted soil, this expansion of water has no way but to rise, lifting soil, plants and even structures or concrete slabs. As ground temperatures warm, the ice melts and the soil settles, sometimes unevenly. This repeated cycle of freezing can disrupt plant roots, expose bulbs, shift pavers, or even cause structural damage, depending on the depth of the frost.

Areas with clay-rich soils are at greater risk of frost heaving during these freezing periods because this type of soil retains more water. Additionally, newly planted gardens or lawns may face more disturbance because the roots and bulbs have not yet had time to become established below the soil surface.

Freezing temperatures can have a negative effect on your landscaping.

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Frost heave prevention

Protecting your lawn and garden does not require an overhaul of your outdoor spaces. Simple preventative measures can make a significant difference in reducing your risk factor:

• Amend your soil: Loosen compacted soil by mixing in organic matter such as compost or sand mixture. This improves drainage and reduces water retention.

• Mulch generously: Add a thick (2 to 4 inches) layer of bark mulch or organic mulch around plants and over vulnerable areas. Mulch acts as a layer of insulation, keeping soil temperatures more stable and reducing freeze-thaw cycles. Shredded leaves can also provide an insulating blanket.

• Choose deep-rooted plants: Deep-rooted perennials are less likely to be dislodged by frost heave. Native plants adapted to the conditions in your region are particularly resilient.

• Water thoroughly before the ground freezes: Well-hydrated soil is less prone to frost heave because it freezes less quickly.

• Avoid end-of-season fertilization: Fertilizing late in the season encourages new growth. This is great for your lawn, but leaves landscape plants more vulnerable to frost damage.

• Layer of rocks and sand under the hardscape: For hardscaping features like walkways and patios, proper installation with a gravel or sand base helps maintain stability.

Related: End of Season Tips to Prepare Your Lawn for Winter

Caring for your garden in spring

If frost heaving occurs, don’t panic. Prompt action in early spring can help reduce its harmful effects. Check for exposed roots or bulbs and replace them. Reapply the mulch to areas where it may have moved and water the plants to encourage rerooting. If the hardscape elements have moved, plan to put them back in place once the ground has settled and dried.

Related: How to Winterize a Backyard Waterfall

How do I know if my floor is prone to frost heave?

Soil types with high water content, such as clay or loamy soils, are more likely to experience the detrimental effects of frost heaving. If you notice wet soil or pooling of water in your garden after rain or uneven sedimentation in your garden, these are signs of excessive soil moisture and you could be at risk.

Can I completely eliminate frost heaving in my garden?

While you can’t control air temperature or stop the forces of nature, you can minimize frost penetration during the winter months by improving soil drainage, mulching effectively, and choosing well-planted plants. suitable for colder climates. Constant care and attention to soil health goes a long way in reducing its impact.

Related: Where and Why You Should Mulch Your Landscape This Fall