As Democrat Kamala Harris and Republican Donald Trump battle for the White House, Canadians are watching closely, eager to understand the impact of each administration’s policies on Canada’s economy, trade and borders.

Experts say Canada could be affected in different ways regardless of who takes power. Starting with trade, Harris would likely support the relationship, but could also push for higher labor standards. At the same time, a Trump administration could take a more transactional approach.

“Trump is talking about further tax cuts and saying he’s also going to pay down the debt by raising tariffs,” said David MacNaughton, Canada’s former ambassador to the United States. “It will only, one way or another, increase inflation.”

On climate, Trump’s support for fossil fuels could benefit Canada’s oil sector. But a Harris victory would likely align more closely with the Canadian government’s current climate initiatives.

“Whether it’s new vehicle regulations, tax breaks on electric vehicles, or incentives for solar or wind power,” said Renan Levine, professor of American politics at the University of Toronto . “These things you might expect would be more likely under a Harris administration, especially given Trump’s opposition to wind energy.”

Canada must adapt whoever wins, says political expert

Levine adds that even if Harris ends up in the White House, she may not be able to implement many of her climate policies.

“If Harris is elected, it is very unlikely that she will enjoy a Democratic majority in the Senate and the House,” Levine said.

Border policies can also change depending on who ends up in the White House. Under the Harris administration, cross-border travel could be smoother with easing restrictions. Experts say Trump’s tougher stance on immigration could lead to a tougher process.

“With the Trump administration, there could be some issues, particularly with permanent residents in Canada from other countries, who may not necessarily have easy access to the United States,” Levine said. “But generally speaking, Donald Trump’s promised crackdown on immigration is unlikely to have a major effect.”

Whether it’s Trump or Harris who takes power, MacNaughton says Canada must adapt to maintain a strong partnership.

“It is a very close relationship, unlike any other country in the world. And I think that presents challenges for us, but also great opportunities.

About 77 million Americans have already voted early, but Harris and Trump are working to secure millions more supporters Tuesday. Whatever the result on Election Day, it will be a historic result.